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Validators

Each chain is run by that chain's committee of validators. This committee owns a key that is split between all of its validators. Each key share is useless on its own, but a collective signature gives validators complete control over the chain.

The committee of validators is responsible for executing the smart contracts in the chain and thus calculating a state update. All validators execute exactly the same code and reach a consensus on the state update. Once the next state is computed and validated, it is committed to each validator's database, a new blockData objects processed by nodes: they contain single transactions. A block is composed of 1) block header (auxiliary information to identify the block); 2) transaction/data; 3) signature. is added to the chain (containing the state mutations), and the state hash is saved in the L1 ledger.

Depending on the governance model, chain owners can rotate the committee of validators. By rotating the committee of validators, validators can be deleted, added, or replaced.

ISC does not define how to select validators to form a committee: it could be a solitary choice of the chain's owner, or it could be a public competition between candidates. ISC does not define how validators are rewarded either.

Access Nodes​

It is possible to have some nodes act as access nodes to the chain without being part of the committee of validators. All nodes in the subnet (validators and non-validators) are connected through statically assigned trust relationships and each node is also connected to the IOTA L1 node to receive updates on the chain’s L1 account.

Any node can optionally provide access to smart contracts for external callers, allowing them to:

  • Query the state of the chain (i.e., view calls)
  • Send off-ledger requests directly to the node (instead of sending an on-ledger request as a L1 transaction)

It is common for validator nodes to be part of a private subnet and have only a group of access nodes exposed to the outside world, protecting the committee from external attacks.

The management of validator and access nodes is done through the governance core contract.